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The Level of Intellectual Wellness Depends Upon the Amount of Formal Schooling Attained

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EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION

EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION. THE LEVELS OF TRANSLATION.PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRA...

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  • 1 слайд EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION. THE LEVELS OF TRANSLATION.PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRA

    Описание слайда:

    EQUIVALENCE IN TRANSLATION.
    THE LEVELS OF TRANSLATION.
    PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION.
    Lecture 2.

  • 2 слайд EquivalenceTranslation equivalence (TE) is the key idea of translation. Equi

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    Translation equivalence (TE) is the key idea of translation.

    Equivalent means equal in value, amount, volume, etc. (A.S.Hornby)

  • 3 слайд EquivalenceEquivalence is the central issue in translation. Its definition,

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    Equivalence is the central issue in translation.
    Its definition, relevance, and applicability within the field of translation theory have caused heated controversy.
    Many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated within this field for the past fifty years.

  • 4 слайд EquivalenceThe most innovative theorists (Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson, Nida

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    The most innovative theorists (Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson, Nida and Taber, Catford, House, and finally Baker) have studied equivalence in relation to the translation process, using different approaches.

  • 5 слайд EquivalenceV.G.Gark and Y.Lvin distinguish the following types of equivalents

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    V.G.Gark and Y.Lvin distinguish the following types of equivalents: formal, semantic and situational.
    Formal equivalence
    Semantic equivalence.

  • 6 слайд EquivalenceFormal equivalence may be illustrated by speech cases as: The sun

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    Formal equivalence may be illustrated by speech cases as:
    The sun disappeared behind a cloud – солнце скрылось за тучей.
    Here we find similarity of words and forms in addition to the similarity.

  • 7 слайд EquivalenceThe differences in the plane of expression are determined by overa

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    The differences in the plane of expression are determined by overall structural differences between Russian and English.
    The use of articles in English, the use of perfective aspect, gender, forms, etc., in Russian.

  • 8 слайд EquivalenceSemantic equivalence exists when the same meanings are expressed i

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    Semantic equivalence exists when the same meanings are expressed in the two languages in a way.
    Example:- Troops were airlifted to the battlefield-
    Bойска были переброшены по воздуху на поле.

  • 9 слайд EquivalenceThe English word

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    The English word "airfield" contains the same meaning as the Russian phrase перебросить по воздуху.
    Different linguistic devices (in Russian and in English /a word group and a compound word),.

  • 10 слайд Equivalence

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    "Situational equivalence"
    the description of the same situation.
    This description is not necessary semantically equivalent.

  • 11 слайд EquivalenceTexts in different languages can be equivalent in different degree

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    Texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees/ fully or partially equivalent/ in respect of different levels of presentation /equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexies, etc./ and at different ranks /word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence/.

  • 12 слайд EquivalenceLanguages are different from each other; they are different in for

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    Languages are different from each other; they are different in form having distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical stretches of language and these forms have different meanings.
    To shift from one language from another is to alter the forms.

  • 13 слайд EquivalenceThere is no absolute synonymy between words in the same language.

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    There is no absolute synonymy between words in the same language.
    Something is always lost / or, might one suggest "gained"?/ in process and translators can find themselves being accused of reproducing only part of original and so "betraying" the authors intentions.

  • 14 слайд EquivalenceIf equivalence is to be

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    If equivalence is to be "preserved" at a particular level at all costs, which level is to be? What are the alternatives?
    The answer hinges on the dual nature of language itself.

  • 15 слайд EquivalenceLanguage is a formal structure – a code –which consists of element

    Описание слайда:

    Equivalence
    Language is a formal structure – a code –which consists of elements which can combine signal semantic "sense" and, at the same time,
    a communication system which uses the forms of the code to refer to entities/in the word/and create signals which possess communicative "value".

  • 16 слайд Adequacy The notion of

    Описание слайда:

    Adequacy
    The notion of "adequacy" is closely connected with that of equivalence.
    Some scholars identify these terms and use them as completely interchangeable notions.
    For example:

  • 17 слайд AdequacyJ. Catford's notion of

    Описание слайда:

    Adequacy
    J. Catford's notion of "translation equivalence" is treated as "adequacy of translation".
    R. Levitsky in his article "On the principle of functional adequacy of translation".
    V. N. Komissarov, for instance, thinks that adequate translation" has a broad meaning and is used as a synonym for "a good translation" that guarantees sufficient interlinguistic communication.

  • 18 слайд Adequacy

    Описание слайда:

    Adequacy
    "Equivalence" is regarded as semantic similarity of the S. and T. language and speech units.
    Adequate translation- is the translation performed at the level sufficient and necessary to convey the information and preserve the norms of the TL.

  • 19 слайд AdequacyEverything said in one language can be said in another. We mean by c

    Описание слайда:

    Adequacy
    Everything said in one language can be said in another.
    We mean by contents not only logical-semantic contents but all the information inherited in the original message including its emotional and expressive charge and stylistic peculiarities.

  • 20 слайд Adequacy Equivalently adequate translation- is the translation when the conte

    Описание слайда:

    Adequacy
    Equivalently adequate translation- is the translation when the contents of the message and its stylistic function are expressed by the synonymous ways.
    E.g. bird cherry tree – черемуха.
    In English it's only a botanical term.
    In Russian it has different emotional applications – "весна", "любовь".
    Apart from denoting a botanical tree the word "bird cherry tree" acquired additional stylistic meaning.

  • 21 слайд AdequacyNB! Taking into consideration that equivalent is a constant correspon

    Описание слайда:

    Adequacy
    NB! Taking into consideration that equivalent is a constant correspondence that exists independently upon the context.

    We have the possibility to state that adequate translation may be non-equivalent and equivalent.

  • 22 слайд Adequacye.g. The fresh air revived most of the men and the thought of beer a

    Описание слайда:

    Adequacy
    e.g. The fresh air revived most of the men and the thought of beer at the nearest pub stimulated sluggish pulses.
    The thought of beer – мысль о пиве – equivalent translation;
    - Mысль о кружке пива – adequate translation.

  • 23 слайд Translation equivalents Y. Retsker differentiates: - Absolute equivalents –

    Описание слайда:

    Translation equivalents
    Y. Retsker differentiates:
    - Absolute equivalents – this is a case when a SL word is semantically, stylistically and emotionally synonymous to a TL word.

    E.g. geographical and proper names, technical terms, etc.

  • 24 слайд Translation equivalents- Partial equivalents the range of meaning does not co

    Описание слайда:

    Translation equivalents
    - Partial equivalents the range of meaning does not coincide in two languages.

    e.g. character (British – 2 meanings, Russian - 1 meaning);
    differentiation – рука: hand, arm.

  • 25 слайд Translation equivalentsApart from equivalent lexis there are non-equivalent o

    Описание слайда:

    Translation equivalents
    Apart from equivalent lexis there are non-equivalent or culture loaded words.
    They define objects, processes, realia.
    e.g. the House of Commons, peerage.
    Equivalence is functional coincidence between the source and the target text.

  • 26 слайд The levels of equivalence according to V.KomissarovThe first level includes t

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence according to V.Komissarov
    The first level includes the translation in which the degree of semantic similarity with ST is the lowest.
    e.g. Maybe there is some chemistry between us that does not mix.
    Бывает, что люди не сходятся характерами.

  • 27 слайд The levels of equivalenceThis translation contains information about the gene

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    This translation contains information about the general intent of the message and it is called-
    1) The purport of communication- general intent of the message, its sense, orientation towards a certain communicative effect.

  • 28 слайд The levels of equivalenceThe second level of translation shows that most of t

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    The second level of translation shows that most of the words or syntactical structures of ST have no direct correspondences in TT. But there is a greater proximity of context.
    e.g. He answered the phone.
    Он снял трубку.

  • 29 слайд The levels of equivalenceSo here we can find: 1). The purport of communicati

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    So here we can find:
    1). The purport of communication.
    2). Identification of the situation.

  • 30 слайд The levels of equivalenceIn the third level of translation the part of conten

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    In the third level of translation the part of contents is largely retained.
    e.g. Scrubbing makes me bad-tempered.
    - От мытья полов у меня портится настроение.

  • 31 слайд The levels of equivalenceSo in TT there are: 1). The purport of communicatio

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    So in TT there are:

    1). The purport of communication.
    2). Identification of the situation.
    3). The method of its description.

  • 32 слайд The levels of equivalencee.g. London saw a cold winter last year. e.g.You ar

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    e.g. London saw a cold winter last year.
    e.g.You are not serious?

    - В прошлом году зима в Лондоне была холодной .
    - Вы шутите?
    Two preceding informative complexes as well as the method of describing the situation.

  • 33 слайд The levels of equivalenceThis means that the translation is a semantic paraph

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    This means that the translation is a semantic paraphrase of the original, preserving its basic semes and allowing their free reshuffle in the sentence.

  • 34 слайд The levels of equivalenceThe fourth level of translation consists of 4 meanin

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    The fourth level of translation consists of 4 meaningful components of the ST. They are:
    1) The purport of communication.
    2) Identification of the situation.
    3) The method of its description.
    4) The invariant meaning of the syntactical structures.

  • 35 слайд The levels of equivalenceE.g. I don't see that I need to convince you. - Не в

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    E.g. I don't see that I need to convince you.
    - Не вижу надобности доказывать это вам.
    E.g. He was standing with his arms crossed and his bare head bent.
    - Он стоял, сложив руки на груди и опустив непокрытую голову.

  • 36 слайд The levels of equivalenceIn the fifth level of translation we can find the ma

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    In the fifth level of translation we can find the maximum possible semantic similarity between ST and TT.
    e.g. I saw him at the theatre.
    - Я видел его в театре.
    e.g. The house was sold for 10 thousand dollars.
    - Дом был продан за 10 тысяч долларов.

  • 37 слайд The levels of equivalenceThere are 5 levels of equivalence in this TT: 1) The

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    There are 5 levels of equivalence in this TT:
    1) The purport of communication.
    2) Identification of the situation.
    3) The method of description of the situation.
    4) The invariant meaning of the syntactical structures.
    5) The level of word semantics.

  • 38 слайд The levels of equivalenceE.g. the Organization is based on the principle of t

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    E.g. the Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.
    - Организация основана на принципе суверенного равенства всех ее членов.

  • 39 слайд The levels of equivalenceThe relative identity of the contents of the two tex

    Описание слайда:

    The levels of equivalence
    The relative identity of the contents of the two texts depends in this case on the extent to which various components of the word meaning can be rendered in translation without detriment to the retention of the rest of the information contained in the original.

  • 40 слайд PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATIONPragmatics is the relationships between the wo

    Описание слайда:

    PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
    Pragmatics is the relationships between the word and its users.
    Pragmatic relations are superimposed on semantic relations and play an equally important role in analyzing the original text and in producing an equivalent text in the TL.

  • 41 слайд PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATIONSemantically-equivalent messages do not necess

    Описание слайда:

    PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
    Semantically-equivalent messages do not necessarily mean the same thing to the source and target receptors and, therefore, are not necessarily pragmatically equivalent.

  • 42 слайд Types of pragmatic relations

    Описание слайда:

    Types of pragmatic relations

  • 43 слайд PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATIONNB! The translator should be aware of the fact

    Описание слайда:

    PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
    NB! The translator should be aware of the fact whether the message is a statement of the fact, a request, an entreaty or a joke.
    Very often the speaker's communicative intentions differ from what the message really states.

  • 44 слайд The effect of the receptor to the text All kinds of texts were classified dep

    Описание слайда:

    The effect of the receptor to the text
    All kinds of texts were classified depending upon their orientation towards different types of receptors.
    1). Texts intended for domestic consumption:
    e.g. local advertising, local legislation, home news.
    2). Texts intended for foreign consumption – propaganda, advertising for foreign receptors.

  • 45 слайд PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION3). Texts intended primarily for SL receptors,

    Описание слайда:

    PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
    3). Texts intended primarily for SL receptors, but having also a universal human appeal.
    4). Texts without any specific national addressee (technical literature, instruction).

  • 46 слайд PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATIONTypically in written translation translator de

    Описание слайда:

    PRAGMATIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION
    Typically in written translation translator deals with texts intended for TL audiences and, therefore, subject to pragmatic adaptation.
    Each word or text is able to have certain pragmatic influence (communicative effect) upon the receptor.

  • 47 слайд The character of such an influence depends upon three factors:

    Описание слайда:

    The character of such an influence depends upon three factors:

  • 48 слайд Four types of pragmatic relations according to Nyberg 1) the pragmatics of th

    Описание слайда:

    Four types of pragmatic relations according to Nyberg
    1) the pragmatics of the ST is preserved in the fullest way, when this text is of the same interest both for the reader of the ST and of the TT (scientific literature);

  • 49 слайд Pragmatic relations2) the pragmatics of the ST is preserved in the translatio

    Описание слайда:

    Pragmatic relations
    2) the pragmatics of the ST is preserved in the translation quite fully when the ST is created especially for the translation (different materials for foreign readers);

  • 50 слайд Pragmatic relations3) the pragmatic adequateness is quite restricted while tr

    Описание слайда:

    Pragmatic relations
    3) the pragmatic adequateness is quite restricted while translating the literature which is oriented to the receptor of the ST but has sth to say to other people;

  • 51 слайд Pragmatic relations4) the ST is oriented only for the receptor of the ST and

    Описание слайда:

    Pragmatic relations
    4) the ST is oriented only for the receptor of the ST and does not have any relations towards the receptor of the translated text (governmental acts, political and economic press).

  • 52 слайд Questions Text-book: Lectures 6, 7 – pp.49-54, 58-64. Questions – pp.55, 65.

    Описание слайда:

    Questions
    Text-book:
    Lectures 6, 7 – pp.49-54, 58-64.
    Questions – pp.55, 65.
    Ex-s: pp. 65-67.
    Presentation :"Different Approaches Of Translation Theorists To The Problem Of Equivalence".

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The Level of Intellectual Wellness Depends Upon the Amount of Formal Schooling Attained

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